Philippine Numerals 1-9 for a National Language

In this study by Elizabeth Zeitoun et al, they discussed Ca-reduplication in the numerals 1-9 among Formosan languages which indicate [+]human . According to Zeitoun, Saaroa, Kanakanavu, Kavalan and Takbanauz Bunun and Farangaw Amis make this distinction. Here is the data for Saaroa, showing only the serial counting and the non-human counting.

	One	Two	Three	Four	Five	Six	Seven	Eight	Nine
Saaroa	saoú ucani ca:ni	sou usua su:a	toro utolo to:lo	pati upatə pa:tə	kulima ulima rima	kənəmə ənəmə neum	kupito upito pitò	kualo ualo	kusia usia siwá
Siraya	sat sasat sasaab	duha rauha	turu taturu toutouro	hpat tahat	rima ririma	nnum tunum	pitu pipitu	pipa kougipat	kuda
Amis	cecai	tusa	tulu	sepat	lima	qenem	pitu	falu	siwa

And here is a sample of Ca- reduplication, found in Bashiic languages:

		One	Two	Three	Four	Five	Six	Seven	Eight	Nine
Iraralay	enumeration	asa	dowa	atlo	apat	lima	anem	pito	wawo	siyam
	non-human		adowa	tatlo	papat	alima	nanem	apito	awawo	asiyam
	human		rarowa	atlo	apat	lalima	anem	papito	wawawo	sasiyam

Imorod	enumeration	asa	dowa	teylo	apat	lima	anem	pito	wawo	siam
	non-human		adoa	atlo	apat	alima	anem	apito	awao	asyam
	human		raroa	tatlo	papat	lalima	nanem	papito	wawao	sasiam

 

This Ca- reduplication is also manifested in the following words from a few sample languages:

	woman	man
PMP	*báhi	*láki
Tagalog	babáqi, babae	lalaki
Bikol	babaye	lalaki
Cebuano	babáye	laláki
Kapampangan	babái	laláki
Ilokano	babai	lalaki
		lakiʔ < lakay

These forms imply that lalaki and babahi are male and female humans, so to get the male and female gender forms, its just the plain láki or báhi. Masculine and feminine would be maláki and mabáhi.

If we apply that to Philippine languages, we can identify which numerals in which languages follow these reduplication (in green).  Here are the 11 Philippine languages with speakers of more than 1 million:

Tagalog	isá	dalawá, dalwa	tatló	ápat	lima	ánim	pitó	waló	siyám
Cebuano	usa	duhá	tulo	upát	lima	onom	pito	walo’	siam
Hiligaynon	isá	duha	tatlo	apat	lima	anum	pito	walo	siám
Ilokano	maysa	dua	tallo	uppat	lima	innem	pito	walo’	siam
Bikol	saroq	duwa	tulo	apat	lima	anum	pito	walo	siyam
Waray	usá	duhá	tuló	upát	limá	unóm	pitó	walú	siyám
Rinconada	ʔәˈsad	darwá	toló	ʔәˈpat	limá	onóm	pitó	waló	siyám
Maranao	isa	doa	telo	pat	lima	nem	pito	walo	siyaw
Magindanaw	isá	duwá	télu	pat	líma	nem	pítu	wálu	síaw
Pangasinan	sakey	duara	talura	apatira	limara	animira	pitura	walora	siamira
Kapampangan	métuŋ	adwáq	atlú	apát	lima	anam	pitú	waló	siam
Kinaray-a	sara / isara	darwa	tatlo	apat	lima	anəm	pito	walo	siyam
Tausug	hambuquk	duah	tuuh	qupat	limah	qunum	pituh	waluh	siam

And here are a sample from minority languages:

Dumagat Casiguran	‘qɛsaq	qɨdu’waq	qɨtɨ’loq	qɨ’pat	li’maq	qɨ’nɨm	pi’tuq	wa’luq	si’yam
Kallahan Keleyqiq/Kayapa	hakɨy	dewwaq	telluq	qɨpat	limaq	qɨnɨm	pituq	waluq	hiyam
Tagbanwa, Kalamian Coron	tasaq	duruaq	tuluq	qɨpat	limaq	qɨnɨm	pituq	waluq	siam
Subanon, Sindangan	sala	duaq	tɨlu	pat	lima	gɨnɨm	pitu	walu	siam
Batak, Palawan	qɨsa	duwá	tulóq	qɨpat	lima	qɨnɨm	pitu	qualu	siam
Manobo, Ilianen	sɨβɨka	dɨruwa	tɨtɨlu	qɨpat	lɨlima	qɨnɨm	pitu	walu	siyɨw
Itbayaten	qaqsaq	duhaq	qatluq	qaqpat	limaq	qaqnɨm	pituq	waǥuq	siam

The expected Tagalog form for four and six is ‘ipat’ and ‘inim’, but these are contracted forms : ʔaʔipat > ʔaʔpat > ʔa: pat, ʔaʔinim > ʔaʔnim > ʔa:nim, where the chroneme signals that a sound has been deleted there (the intermediate forms are attested in Itbayaten). The corresponding Bikol and Bisayan forms have the accent not in the penult. In Kapampangan and Itbayaten, the initial C was deleted and In Tagbanwa Coron and Manobo Ilianen, the vowel has changed.  Pangasinan numeral forms has a suffix –(i)ra, which I don’t know the origin or if makes any distinction at all.

PROTO-FORMS

Here is the reconstructed forms for these languages:

PAN	*isa	*duhá	*telu	*Sepat	*lima	*ʔĕném	*pitú	*walú	*Siwa
PMP	*esa	*duha	*telu	*epat	*lima
P-Bisayan	*qəsá	*duhá	*təlú	*qaqpat	*limá	*qənəm	*pitú	*walú	*siyám
P-East Mindanao	*isa	*duha	*tulu	*upat	*lima	*ɨnɨm	*pitu	*walu	*siyam
P-Southern Mindanao	*satu	*lɨwu	*tlu	*(q,’)ɨpat
National Language	sarɨʔ sakɨy	duhaʔ dusaʔ	tɨluʔ	ʔɨpat sɨpat	limaʔ	kɨnɨm	pituʔ	waluʔ	siyam siwa

ONE

I doubt if the reconstruction for this word is correct. There are also a lot of forms.  Majority (in yellow) are derived from the form *ʔɨsa, but other languages (orange: Bikol, Kiniray-a and Subanon) show possible source of  sara. This form is also found in Indonesian languages (Makassar : sɛʔrɛ; Buginese : seʔdi; Blaan : satu; Toba Batak: sade; Malay : satu). There is a link between these two forms:Rinconada Bikol and Kiniray-a: ʔɨ’sada (as reflected in Aklanon ʔisaɣáh). Pangasinan and Kallahan (aqua) have sakɨy which is related to Amis in Taiwan. Because the Bikol form has -ʔ at the end and the Aklanon has –h and Pangasina/Kallahan has –y, the form should end in a consonant. Is ʔi- then a prefix?

TWO

Is the right form duwa or duha? Apart from Bisayan languages, Itbayaten also shows: duhaq. Most of the minority languages has a consonant at the end. Possible form would be duha? with attestation from Taiwan languages (Atayal : rusaʔ, Seediq : daháʔ, Bunun, Pazeh: ḍuṣaʔ, Amis : tusaʔ, Siraya : duha , Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai: dusa). The path was dusaʔ > duhaʔ > duha > duwa.

THREE

All forms can be derived from tɨ’loʔ (Inibaloi has tɨdo): 

FOUR

All forms could be derived from ʔɨˈpat (also attested in Inibaloi, Ilonggot,  Kankanay, Bontoc). But Taiwan languages have sɨ’pat (Paiwan : səpat, Saisiyat : ʃəpat, Pazeh:   səpát, Basay, Amis : səpat).

FIVE

All forms can be derived from limaʔ. The form should end in consonant as attested in other Indonesian & Taiwan languages as well (Moken, Kayan, Iban, Seediq, Amis, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma : limaʔ, Melayu Sarawak : limak, Rukai: rimaʔ).

SIX

All forms reflect the original *ʔɨnɨm (also found in Kankanay, Bontok, Itneg, Balangaw, Kalagan, Mansaka,Mamanwa: qɨ’nɨm, Amis: ʔənəm). But Siraya’s form is tunum, Atayal : matuuʔ, Saaroa : kənəmə, and Chamorro: gunum, pointing to a possible non-glottal initial.

SEVEN

Again, all languages have forms that can be derived from pitu? (also seen in Samal Siasi, bajo : pi’tuq, Rukai, Amis, Bunun, Atayal: pitúʔ).

EIGHT

Again, all of them have forms that can be derived from walu? ( also in Bundu Dusun, Samal Siasi, Bajo: wa’luq, Bunun: va’uʔ, Amis: faluʔ, Sakizaya: waluʔ, Puyuma : waruʔ).

NINE

Majority of the languages show *siyam. But others show *siwa.

OTHER NOTES

It should be noted that Tausug has hambuuk, which is a concatentation of ham+buuk. Buuk is also found in Bikol, as in the expression “sarong (ka)buuk nin niyog” "(one coconut). Buuk then can be translated as ones, like puloq is tens and gatos is hundreds.  Here is the full list of numerals with their different forms. The ʔɨ prefix is a compromise between a- in the Bashiic languages and u- in the Formosan languages.

	Serial counting	Non-Human Enumeration	Human Enumeration
1	sarɨʔ	ʔɨ-sarɨʔ	sa-sarɨʔ
2	duhaʔ	ʔɨ-duhaʔ	da-duhaʔ
3	tɨluʔ	ʔɨ-tɨluʔ	ta-tɨluʔ
4	ʔɨpat	ʔɨ-ʔɨpat	ʔa-ʔɨpat
5	limaʔ	ʔɨ-limaʔ	la-limaʔ
6	kɨnɨm	ʔɨ-kɨnɨm	ka-kɨnɨm
7	pituʔ	ʔɨ-pituʔ	pa-pituʔ
8	waluʔ	ʔɨ-waluʔ	wa-waluʔ
9	siyam	ʔɨ-siyam	sa-siyam

 

The non-human enumeration form was pattered after Kanakanavu and Saaroa and Thao.

Some examples of use:

90 men	sasiyam nga puloʔ nga lalaki
200 women	daduhaʔ nga gatos nga babahi
50 chickens	ʔɨlimaʔ  nga puloʔ  nga manuk
1 2 3 4 5	sarɨʔ duhaʔ tɨluʔ ʔɨpat limaʔ

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